MOOD ANALYSIS

MOOD ANALYSIS IN SPOKEN TEXT

Working Paper

Subject: Discourse Analysis

The Lecturer: Mr. Daviq Rizal, M. Pd. I

Written by:

Khoirul Anwar            (123411057)

Lia Khoirotin Nida     (123411060)

Lulu’atul Musyafa’ah (123411062)

Rudy Alfa Hidayat     (103411043)

EDUCATION AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY

WALISONGO STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

2015

I.     INTRODUCTION

Discourse Analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic event. The objects of discourse analysis are writing, conversation, communicative event. They are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences, propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the sentence boundary', but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring' language use, and not invented examples. Text linguistics is a closely related field. The essential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistics is that it aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics of a person/persons rather than text structure.[1]

In Discourse Analysis, the learners will study about “Mood and Residue analysis” and also learn about “Theme and Rheme analysis”. In this paper, we will focus on Mood and Residue Analysis in spoken text.

II.      PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION

A.    What is the definition of  discourse analysis?

B.     What are mood and residue analysis?

C.     What are the types of mood analysis in clause?

D.    How is the example of mood and residue analysis ?

III.   DISCUSSION                                                                  

A.    The Definition of Dircourse Analysis

Betsy Rymes explains discourse analysis is the study of how language-in-use is affected by the context of its use. In the classroom, context can range from the talk within a lesson, to a student’s entire lifetime of socialization, to the history of the institution of schooling.[2] From wikipedia resources also mention that discourse analysis is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic event.[3] In Linguistic perspective mention discourse analysis as a modern discipline of the social sciences that covers a wide variety of different sociolinguistic approaches.

From three definitions above the writers conclude that discource analysis is the study of how to analyse written or spoken language from many kinds of perspective as like Mood, theme etc.

B.     The Mood and Residue Analysis

1.      The Mood Element Analysis

Mood Element consists of subject and finite. Subject is the element in terms that the clause can be negotiated (Martin et al 1997:25). The second element of Mood is finite. Finite element is part of the verbal group. Martin et al (1997:25) state that the finite element is one of the small numbers of verbal operators expressing primary tense, modality and polarity[4]. Finite can also be expressed through the use of modality and polarity. Modality is defined as the space between “yes” and “no” (Thompson 1996:57). Polarity, as well as modality, is commonly used to encode the writer’sattitudes and judgments.[5]

2.      The Residue Analysis

Residue consists of Predicator,Complement, and Adjunct. The Residue is another element which is realized in interpersonal meaning. It is defined as a part of the lines which is not included as Mood. The second element of Residue which has been discovered is complement. According to Thompson (1996:51), a complement is an element in the Residue, typically realized by nominal group, which could have been chosen as subject, but was not. The complements shown in the stories are used to answer the question “is/had what”, “to whom”, and “did to what”.[6]

The next Residue element is Adjuncts. Adjuncts are element of Residue which have not got potential of being subject. Thus are commonly performed by an adverbial group or a prepositional phrase. There are five types of adjuncts found in the stories. They are Circumtantial Adjunct, Conjunctive Adjunct, Comment Adjunct, Mood Adjunct, and Continuity Adjunct.[7]

C.     The Types of Mood Analysis in Clause.

When we want to analyse mood analysis in a clause what we need to do is analyse two of functional constituents: a Mood element which functions to carry the argument, and a Residue, which can be left out or elllpsed.

 There are three main elements to the Mood constituent:

1. an expression of polarity: either Yes (positive polarity) or No (negative polarity)

2. a nominal-type element, which we will call the Subject

                        Subject is the actor of the clause or what is held responsible. Subject can be form from noun or pronoun, lengthy noun phrase, a word empty of content ( There), the subject may even be clause.e.g:

There	Was just no way	(was there?)
subject		subject

3. a verbal-type element, which we will call the Finite

                        Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 115) defines the finite in terms of its function in the clause to make the proposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that we can argue about it. There will only be one finite in a clause. e.g:

I	am	sleepy
Subject	Finite

The Finite, then, carries either tense or modality to make the proposition arguable. The Finite also consists of the semantic feature of polarity, since to make something arguable it has to be either positive (something is) ot negative (something isn't):

Henry James was writing 'The Bostonians'. positive polarity

Henry James wasn't writing 'The Bostonians'. negative polarity

These two elements of Subject and Finite link together to form the Mood consrituent. To capture their role as Mood elements, we generally enclose them in the Mood box,with the other constituents of the clause placed in the Residue box:

I	learnt		English language
subject	Finite
MOOD		RESIDUE

 Mood in a clause devided into three parts:

·         Declarative mood

Declarative mood is a clause that form of statement. E.g: I’am happy.

·         Intogrative mood

Intogrative mood is a clause that form of question. E.g: would you mind to read this book, please?

·         Imperative mood

Imperative mood is a clause that doesn’t have subject or the subject was omitting. E.g: Ask yourself these questions.

There are three main elements of the Residue constituent:

1.         Predicator

       Predicator is the lexical or content part of the verbal group. e.g:

I	’m	reading	magazine
Subject	Finite	Predicator
MOOD		RESIDUE

2.         Complement

       Complement is defined as a non-essential participant in the clause, a participant somehow affected by the main argument of the proposition.

I	’m	reading	magazine
Subject	Finite	Predicator	Complement
MOOD		RESIDUE

3.         Adjunct

       Adjunct is clause elements which constribute some some additional (but non-essential) information to the clause. They can be identified as elements which do not have the potential to become subject. They are adverbial or prepositional. The types of adjunct:

·         Circumtantial adjuct is adjunct that has function as an adverb. e.g : At University, fast.

·         Conjunctive adjuct is adjunct that consist many kinds of conjunction.e.g: And, but.

·         Comment adjuct is adjunct that clarify a comment. e.g: fortunately,actually, to be honest.

·         Vocative adjuncts function  to control the discourse by designating a likely ‘ next speaker’ . they are identifiable as names, where the name are not functioning as subjects or complements, but are used to directly address the person named. They typically occur either initially or finally.

·         Mood adjunct is devided into 5 types

-          Temporal relationship: yet, already, still.

-          Polarity: yet, no. Not.

-          Modality

-          Probability: definitely, mybe

-          Usuality: never,always, sometimes.

-          Inclination/obligation: gladly, reluctantly.[8]

D.    The Examples of Mood and Residue Anlysis

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Secretary: Hello, Ultimate Computers. May I help you?

Hello	Ultimate Computers	May	I	Help	you?
Adj: continuity	Adj: Vocative	Finite	Subject	Predicator	Complement
		MOOD		RESIDUE

Caller: Yes, this is Jack Kordell from Hunter's Office Supplies.

Yes,	this	is		Jack Kordell	from Hunter's Office Supplies.
Adjuct:polarity	Subject	Finite	Predicator	Complement	Adj: Circumstant
	MOOD		RESIDUE

May I speak to Elaine Strong, please?

May	I	speak	to Elaine Strong,		please?
Finite	Subject	Predicator		Adj: Circumstant		Adj: Continuity
MOOD		RESIDUE

Secretary: I'm sorry,

I	`m	sorry,
Subject	Finite	Complement
MOOD		RESIDUE

but she's not in right now.

But	she	's not	in	right now.
Textual	topical	Finite: negative	Complement	Adj: Circumstant
	MOOD		RESIDUE

Caller: Okay, do you know when she'll be back?

Okay,	do	you	know	when	she	'll	be	back
Adj: Continuity	Finite	Subject	Predicator	WH/Adj	Subject	Finite	Predcator	Complement
	MOOD		RESIDUE		MOOD		RESIDUE

Secretary: Uh, yes, she should be here later on this afternoon maybe about 4:30.

Uh,	Yes,	she	should	be	here	later on this afternoon	maybe	about 4:30
Adj: Continuity	Adjuct:polarity	Subject	Finite	Predicator	Adj: Circumstant	Adj: Circumstant	Adj: Modality	Adj: Circumstant
		MOOD		RESIDUE				RESIDUE

May I take a message?

May	I	take	a message
Finite: Modulated	Subject	Predicator	Complement
MOOD		RESIDUE

Caller: Yes. Ms. Strong sent me a brochure detailing your newest line of laptop computers with a description of other software products,

Yes.	Ms. Strong	sent	me	a brochure detailing your newest line of laptop computers with a description of other software products,
Adj: Polarity	Subject	Predicator	Complement	Complement
	MOOD		RESIDUE

 but there wasn't any information about after-sales service.[9]

But	there	wasn't	any information	about after-sales service.
Adj: Conjunctive	Subject		Complement	Adj:Circumstant
	MOOD		RESIDUE

IV.           CONCLUSION

Discource analysis is the study of how to analyse written or spoken language from many kinds of perspective as like Mood, theme etc. Mood Element consists of subject and finite while Residue consists of Predicator,Complement, and Adjunct.

There are three main elements to the Mood constituent; Polarity, Subject, and Finite. While in Residue, there are three main elements; Predicator, Complement, and Residue.

V.              CLOSING

       That is all of the paper about mood analysis in spoken textthat the writers can write. We realize this paper is not perfect. So comment and suggestion from the readers are needed to get the best result in the future . Hopefullythis paper can be useful for all the readers and specially for the writers.

BIBLOGRAPHY

Betsy Rymes. 2008. Classroom Discourse Analysis:A Tool for Critical Reflection. NJ: Hampton Press

Enggins, Suzanne. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London. Continuum International Publishing Group

http://yatsko.zohosites.com/integrational-discourse-analysis-conception.html

Martin, J. R. 1997. Working with Functional Grammar.  London: Arnold.

Thompson, G.  1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University

www.esl_lab.com

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[1]http://yatsko.zohosites.com/integrational-discourse-analysis-conception.html

[2]Betsy Rymes,Classroom Discourse Analysis:A Tool for Critical Reflection, 2008,NJ: Hampton Press: page 12.

[3] En.wikipedia.org

[4]Martin, J. R. et. al. 1997. Working with Functional Grammar. London: Arnold, p.26

[5]Thompson, G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University

Press,p.57

[6]Thompson, G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University

Press,p.51

[7]Thompson, G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University

Press,p.51

[8] Suzanne Enggins, An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics,2004,Continuum International Publishing Group: London.page 147.

[9] www.esl_lab.com